Ma;Tr;RUf;fk;

njhd;ikg; nghJTilikr; rKjhaj;jpy;  ngz;Nz Mjpf;fk; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lhs;. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,e;epiy khwp je;ij topr; rKjhak; epiy nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; ngz; MZf;F mbikahdhs;. Vq;fpy;]; vd;gtu; vOjpa “FLk;gk;> jdpr;nrhj;J> muR Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wk;” vd;w E}y;> “Kjy; tu;f;f xLf;f KiwNah ngz;ghiy Mz;ghy; xLf;Fk; xLf;F KiwNahL xd;WgLfpwJ.” vdf; $WfpwJ. ,t;thW cyfshtpa uPjpapy; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gl;l Mz;> ngz; tu;f;f NtWghlhdJ> ngz;fs; jq;fsJ mbg;gil cupikfisf; $lg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahj mstpw;F ngz; rKjhaj;jpw;F khngUk; rthyhf mike;jJ. ,jdhy; ngz;fs; cly; – cs uPjpahfg; gy;NtW Jd;GWj;jy;fSf;F Mshdhu;fs;. ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy;> ];kpUjp E}y;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mf;fhy ngz;zpd; rKjha epiyapid Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ> ];kpUjp E}y;fshdit Mzhjpf;fj;jpid (Patriarchy)  typAWj;Jfpd;w NghJk;  Mq;fhq;Nf ngz; eyd; NgZtdthfTk; cs;sd. mjhtJ> kD];kpUjpahdJ xU ngz; vg;NghJk; MzpDila fl;Lg;ghl;bNy tho Ntz;Lk; vd;wNjhL> ngz;fisg; ghypd;g ntwpg;gpbj;jtu;fshfTk; rpw;wpd;gg; gpupau;fshfTk; rpj;jpupj;Js;sikahdJ ngz;zpdJ mbg;gil cupik kWg;gpw;F ve;jstpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;Js;sJ vd;gjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> gpu`];gjp ];kpUjpahdJ Mz; Foe;ij ,y;yhj xUtDf;F mtDila kidtpNa mLj;j thupR vdTk; fhj;ahad ];kpUjpahdJ> “nrsjhapf” vDk; nrhj;Jupikapy; fztd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; kidtpf;Nf nrhj;Jupik vdTk; $WtjhtJ> ];kpUjp E}y;fshdit ngz;zpdJ cupikapidAk; Nkd;ikapidAk;  vLj;jpak;gj; jtwtpy;iy vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd. me;jtifapy;> ];kpUjp E}y;fspy; ntspg;gLk; ngz; gw;wpa rpe;jidfis milahsg;gLj;JtNj ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. itjpf rk;gpujhaq;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ];kpUjp E}y;fs;> ngz; gw;wpg; NgRtjpy; vj;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ? vd;gJ Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidahFk;. kfspu; khz;Giug;gjpy; ,e;J %yq;fs; – ];kpUjp E}y;fSf;;F jdpj;Jtkhd ,lKz;L vDk; fUJNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;T efu;fpwJ. ,e;J %yq;fs; – ju;krh];jpuq;fs; (];kpUjp E}y;fs;) Kjyhk; epiyj; juTfshfTk; mit njhlu;ghf ntspte;j Vida E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsf; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpid ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfshfTk; nfhz;L> r%ftpay;> xg;gPl;L kw;Wk; tpguz Ma;T Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. 

fiyr;nrhw;fs;: ju;krh];jpuq;fs;> ];kpUjp> ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk;> Mzhjpf;fk;> ngz;Zupik.

Kd;Diu

tuyhw;wpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; rKjhakhff; fUjg;gLk; “njhd;ikg; nghJTilikr;” (Nfhtpe;jd;> f.> 2001> g.3.) rKjhaj;jpy;  ngz;Nz Mjpf;fk; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lhs;. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,e;epiy khwp je;ij topr; rKjhak; epiy nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; ngz; MZf;F mbikahdhs;. mjhtJ> epyf;fpohupa> Kjyhspa rKjha mikg;G Kiwfspy; ngz;> Mzpd; cilikfspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gl;lhs;. ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ngz;zpd; epiy gw;wp Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ> Ml;rp nghWg;gpidAk; nrhj;JupikapidAk; ngWk; mstpw;F mjpfhuKilatshf ,e;Jg; ngz;fs; fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,t;thW cau; epiyapy; fhzg;gl;l ngz; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> Mzpd; mbikahfNt fUjg;gl;lhs;. cyf tuyhw;wpYk; ,j;jifanjhU epiyNa epytpaJ. Vq;fpy;]; vd;gtu; vOjpa “FLk;gk;> jdpr;nrhj;J> muR Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wk;” vd;w E}y;> “Kjy; tu;f;f xLf;f KiwNah ngz;ghiy Mz;ghy; xLf;Fk; xLf;F KiwNahL xd;WgLfpwJ.” vdf; $WfpwJ. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> “MZyFk; ngz;ZyFk; xd;wy;y> r%f mikg;G khw;wg;gLk; tiu cyfk; MZyfkhfNt ePbf;Fk;”; vdf; $Wk; nr. fNzrypq;fdpd; $w;W Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ. Mdhy;> ju;krh];jpuq;fshdit Mzhjpf;f mbik epiyapy; ngz;iz Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJk; Mq;fhq;Nf ngz;Zupik kw;Wk; Mz; – ngz; rkj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;Js;sd.

ju;krh];jpuq;fs;

ju;kj;ij tpupthf vLj;Jiug;gdthf mike;j E}y;fis ju;krh];jpuq;fs; vdyhk;. tlnkhopapy; “];kpUjp” vd miog;gu;. ];kpUjp E}y;fshdit #j;jpuq;fs;> RNyhfq;fs;> tpahf;fpahdq;fs; vd;w tbtpy; jk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpd.

];kpUjp E}y;fs;

];kpUjp vd;gjw;F “epidtpy; itf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ” my;yJ “toptopahf toq;fp tUtJ” ( uFehjd;> b. Nf.> g. 38.)  vd;W nghUs;. up\pfshy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;Lr; rPlu;fshy; epidtpy; nfhs;sg;gl;litia ];kpUjp E}y;fs; vdr; Rl;Ltu;. ];kpUjp E}y;fSs; ju;krh];jpuq;fs; mlq;Fk;. kD> mj;jpup> tp\;Z> ehuju;> `upjhru;> ahf;[ty;fpau;> crdu;> Mq;fPuru;> aku;> Mg];jk;gu;> rk;tu;j;ju;> fhj;jpahadu;> gpu`];gjp> guhruu;> tpahru;> rq;fu;> tpfpju;> jf;fu;> nfsjku;> rhjhjgu;> trpl;lu; MfpNahuJ ];kpUjp E}y;fSs; kD];kpUjp> gpu`];gjp> fhj;jpahad ];kpUjp Mfpad Kjd;ikahditahf cs;sd.

];Ujp E}y;fspy; ngz;

kD];kpUjp

kD];kpUjpapy;> gd;dpuz;L mj;jpahaq; fSk; 2684 RNyhfq;fSk; cs;sd. (fp.K 2Mk; E}w;whz;L – fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;L) ,e;jpahtpy; tud; N`];bq; vd;gtd; ftu;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;l NghJ mtd; ePjpj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs; nra;;a Kw;gl;l Ntisapy;> ,e;jpar; rl;lq;fis tFf;f  kD];kpUjpapidNa Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;lhd; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. me;jstpw;F ,e;E}ypy; ePjp> epu;thfk;> rl;lk; vd;gd Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd. tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vOjpa ‘Asiatick Researchs’ vd;w E}ypy; kD];kpUjpAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ.

,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngWk; ngz; gw;wpa rpe;jidfis Nehf;fpd;> ,e;E}y; Mz;fis FLk;gj;jiytdhf cau; epiyapYk; ngz;fis tPl;Lf;FupatshfTk; fztid topgl Ntz;batshfTk; tpjitahfpd; kWkzk; nra;a cupikaw;wtshfTk; $WfpwJ. kDtpd; ePjpg;gb ngz; vd;Wk; Mzpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bNy tho Ntz;bats; vDk; epajp epyTfpwJ.  Vnddpy;> ngz; ,ay;ghfNt  fl;Lg;ghlw;w  ghypd;g ntwpgpbj;jtu;> rpw;wpd;gg; gpupau;> Mil Mguzq;fspy; ehl;lKs;sts;> “rpw;wpd;gk;> ,r;ir> Nfhgk;> fglk;> $lh ,ay;G nfhz;lts.”; (fNzrypq;fd;> nr.> 2000> gf;. 29 – 30) MfNt> fl;Lg;gLj;;jg;gl Ntz;bats; vd;fpwJ me;E}y;. mjhtJ> Mz;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; ghJfhg;gpYk; fw;nghOf;fj;Jld; fztDf;F fPo;gbe;J tpRthrkhf tho Ntz;bats; vd;wNjhL> Mzpd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,y;yhj ngz;zpdhy; jd; xOf;fj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s KbahJ vdf; $WfpwJ.

kD];kpUjpapy; ngz; mlf;F Kiwfs; 

jdpr; nrhj;Js;s cau;Fbg; ngz;fs; ePjp newpf;Fk;> gjptpujh ju;kj;jpw;Fk; fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fs; vdf; $wpaik.

tpjitg; ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jupik toq;fg;gly; MfhJ. mg;ngz;fSf;F Mz; gps;isfSld;> $l;Lf;FLk;g cwtpy;  thOk; cupikfis mtu;fSf;F toq;;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ngz;fspd; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;Jk; Mz;fsJ nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fw;Gs;s kidtpahdts; fztid nja;tkhff; fUjp mtDf;F Nrit nra;a Ntz;Lk;.  mjhtJ> fztd; ew;Fzkw;wtdhapDk; mtDf;F fPo;gbe;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;> mtid tpl;L jd;dpr;irahf ve;j jPu;khdq;fSk; vLj;jyhfhJ.  fztDf;F fPo;gbAk; ngz;Nz nrhu;f;fj;jpw;F nry;yj; jFjp tha;e;jts; vdg; ngz;zbikapid typAWj;jpaik. 

“fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; vy;yh eyd;fisAk; Jwe;J tpl Ntz;batu;fs;. jhNk mtu;fs; Kbiag; gpbj;J ,Oj;J Kz;ldk; nra;J nts;is Nghu;jpdhu.;” (uh[k; fpU\;zd;> 1989> g. 114.) vdf; $wp> tpjitg; ngz;fSf;fhd cupikfis kWj;jik.

NkYk;> ,e;E}yhu; Mzhjpf;f ntwp ju;krhj;jpuq;fspy; GFj;jg;gl;lik gw;wpj; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. ngz;fSf;fpiof;fg;gl;l ,f;nfhLik gw;wp> lhf;lu; my;Nlfu; mtu;fs; vOjpa “,e;Jehfupfj;jpy; kfspu; epiy” vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpupthff; fz;L nfhs;syhk; vd uh[k; fpU\;zd; mtu;fs; fhye;NjhWk; ngz; vd;w E}ypy; $wpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

khjtplhapd;   NghJ> ngz; xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJld;> mts; gpwiuj; jPz;bdhy; Fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epajp fhzg;gl;lJ. Ntjq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fk; re;epahrpdp Mtjw;Fk; jil tpjpj;jNjhL> kj E}y;fisAk; kjk; rhu;e;j epWtdq;fSld; Neubj; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;F mtu;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. xU Mltd; jd; kidtpia td;Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jpf; $l jd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;wstpy;> ngz; mlf;F Kiw cr;repiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> “cau; Fbg; ngz;zpd; rka tho;T fztd; %yNk  Vw;gl KbAk;.” (fNzrypq;fd;> nr.> 2000> g. 30.)> vd;w tifapy;> ngz;zpdj;ij Mz;> ngz; rkj;Jtkw;w Mzhjpf;f mbik epiyapNyNa kD];kpUjp vz;ZfpwJ.

jpUkzKk; ngz;ZupikAk;

“jpUkzk; vd;gJ MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J tho;tjw;fhf rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpid KiwahFk;.”   – gf;jtj;ryghujp.

“xU ngz;Zf;F jpUkzk;; vd;gJ mts; kidtp vd;fpw Kiwapy; flikfisr; nra;a topg;gLj;Jk; rlq;fhFk;.” – fpk;ehl;.

,e;J r%fj;jpy;> jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ngw;Nwhupd; rk;kjk; gpujhdkhdjhff; fhzg;gl;l NghJk;> ngz;zpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gNt jpUkzq;fs; eilngw;wd. jd; fztidj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk; ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;du; fztdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; thoNtz;batshff; fhzg;gl;lhs;. 

,e;E}y; mj;jpahak; %d;wpy; vz;tifj; jpUkzq;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. mitahtd> gpuhkk;> nja;tk;> MUlk;> gpu[hgj;k;> MRuk;> fhe;jUtk;> ,uhl;rrk;> igrhrk; vd;gdthFk;.

gpuhk tpthfk;: typa gpukr;rhupia mioj;J Gj;jhil Gidtpj;J Mil mzpfshy; moF nra;j ngz;izj; jhdk; nra;tJ.

nja;t kzk;: ahfj;jPapd; Kd;dpUj;jp GNuhfpjDf;F myq;fhuj;Jld; ngz;izf;;; nfhLj;jy;.

MUlk;: ngz;Zf;Fg; guprk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L kzk; Guptpg;gJ.

gpu[hgj;ak;: gpukr;rhupia mioj;Jg; G+[pj;J “ePtpu; ,UtUk; mwq;fisg; Gupe;J tho;tPuhf” vd tho;j;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.

MRuk;: ngw;wtd; Fwpf;Fk; nghUl;fisf; nfhLj;J ngz;iz thq;fp> mzpfs; G+l;b kzg;gJ.

fhe;jUtk;: Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk; jk;kpy; kdk; tpUk;gp jhq;fshfNt $br; Rfpj;jy;.

,uhl;rrk;: cwtpdu;fis mbj;Jk;> nfhd;Wk; td;Kiwahf xU ngz;iz tPl;bypUe;J typikahw; ftu;e;J nrd;W kzj;jy;.

igrhrk;: J}f;fj;jpYk; FbntwpapYk; gpj;jk; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; ngz;iz fyg;gJ: kzg;gJ. (fNzrypq;fd;> nr.> 2000> gf;.34 – 35.)>

Nkw;Fwpj;j jpUkz KiwfSs; ,uhl;rrk;> igrhrk; jtpu> Vida jpUkzKiwfs; ngz;iz kjpf;Fk; tifapNy cs;sd. 

NkYk;> jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ghpRg; nghUl;fis kzkfSf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz; Mil Mguzq;fspdhy; jd;id moFgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mz;zd; ,we;j gpd;G mtDila kidtpia jpUkzk; GupAk; mtdJ jk;gp mg;ngz;Zld; fhkj;Jld; tpisahly; MfhJ> mt;thW tpisahbdhy; mtd; “jpjp\~{g;jp” ( fNzrypq;fd;> nr.> 2000> g.35.)>  vd miof;fg;gLthd; vd ,e;E}y; $WfpwJ.

gpu`];gjp kw;Wk; fhj;ahad ];kpUjpapy; ngz; nrhj;Jupik

gpu`];gjp ];kpUjpahdJ Mz; Foe;ij ,y;yhj xUtDf;F mtDila kidtpNa mLj;j thuprhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;E}yhuJ nfhs;ifahFk;.  fhj;ahad];kpUjpahdJ “nrsjhapf” (KFe;jd;> r.> 2014> g. 3.)  vDk; nrhj;Jupikapy; ngz;Zf;Nf KO cupikapidAk; mspf;fpwJ. NkYk;> fztd;> kfd; MfpNahu; cupik Nfhu KbahJ vd;wJld;> rPjdk; cs;spl;l mirAk; mirahr; nrhj;JfSf;F mtNs cupj;Jilats; vd;fpwJ. mjhtJ>  fztd; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mtdJ kidtpf;Nf nrhj;Jupikapid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpsk;GfpwJ.  

KbTiu

ju;krh];jpuq;fSs; kD];kpUjpahdJ> ngz;zpdj;ij Mz;> ngz; rkj;Jtkw;w  Mzhjpf;f mbik epiyapNyNa Nehf;FfpwJ. Mdhy;> gpu`];gjp ];kpUjpAk; fhj;ahad];kpUjpAk; ngz;iz kpfTk; cau;epiyapy; rpe;jpj;Js;sikapidf;  fhzyhk;. ,k;%d;W ];kpUjp E}y;fSs;> kD];kpUjpiaf; fhl;bYk; gpu`];gjp ];kpUjpAk; fhj;ahad];kpUjpAk; ngz; nrhj;Jupik (Women’s Rights in Propert) gw;wp NgRtjpy; jdpj;Jtkhd ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd.

Selvakumari Sivaligam, & Jasmin Sudha, T. K. (2024). ju;krh];jpuq;fspy; ngz;: Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ];kpUjp E}y;fis ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T. Sparkling International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Studies, 7(1), 24-29.