vOj;Jf;fs; jdpj;Njh my;yJ Nru;e;Njh te;J vz;zw;wr; nrhw;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,r;nrhw;fisg; ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; vd;Dk; ehd;F ngUk; gpuptpd; fPo; mlf;Ftu;. ngau;r;nrhw;fisAk; tpidr;nrhw;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; nrhw;fshfr; nrhy; cUGfs; cs;sd. ,tw;iw ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vdTk; $Wtu;. rpy nrhy; cUGfs; ngau;r;nrhw;fis mLj;J te;J ngau; nghUis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mt;thW NtWgLj;Jtjhy; mjw;nfd jdpnahU ,yf;fzk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntw;Wik ,yf;fzkhdJ ngau; kw;Wk; tpidr; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,yf;fz cwit fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;g Ntw;Wik ,yf;fzj;jpy; khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikiaAk; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,ak; $Wk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikiaAk; xg;gpl;L mjd; nghUs; epiyfspy; mile;Js;s khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwptJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Ntw;Wik ,yf;fzk;

Ntw;Wik vd;why; vd;d? vd;Dk; Nfs;tpf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpau; tpsf;fk; VJk; mspf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; njhy;fhg;gpa vOj;jjpfhug; Gzupaypy; Ntw;Wikapd; Gzu;r;rp Fwpj;J $wptpl;lhu;. ngau;r; nrhw;fspd; gpd;dhf Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Gzu;e;J epw;Fk;  mt;Ntw;Wik cUGfs; cau;jpiz m/wpiz vd ,Utif ngaiuAk; Vw;Fk;. ,jid>

“Ntw;Wik topa ngau; Gzu;epiyNa”      (njhy;-117)

“cau;jpizg; ngaNu m/wpiz ngau;vd;W

Mapuz;L vd;g ngau;epiyr; Rl;Nl”         (njhy;-118)

vd;w R+j;jpuq;fs; topahf mwpa KbfpwJ. Ntw;Wik vd;gjw;F NtWgLj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs;. MfNt “nghUs;fis Ntw;Wik nra;td Ntw;Wik” (njhy;.546) vd ,sk;G+uzu; jk; ciuapy; $wpAs;shu;. ,f;fUj;ijf; nfhz;Nl gpd;te;j ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Ntw;Wikf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd. jd;id Vw;Fk; vt;tifahd ngau;fSf;Fk; ,Wjpahf epd;W ngau; nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ Ntw;Wik vd ed;D}yhu; Ntw;Wikf;F ,yf;fzk; $wpAs;shu;. ,jid>

“Vw;Fk; vt;tifg; ngau;f;Fk; <wha; nghUs;

Ntw;Wik nra;td”      (ed;-291)

vd;w R+j;jpuk; topahf mwpayhk;. ,r;R+j;jpuj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNa jkpo;f;fhg;G ,aKk;>

“Vw;Fk; ngaupd; ,Wjpapy; epd;Nw

Ntw;Wik cUGf lhNk nghUis

Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jypd; Ntw;Wik vd;g”       (fh.,-105)

vd Ntw;Wikf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. Ntw;Wik nra;Ak; cUGfNs ngau;fspd; ,Wjpahf epd;W nghUis NtWgLj;JfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ed;D}Yk; nghUs; Ntw;Wik nra;tJ cUGfs; vd Neubahf KjypNyNa $whky; ’Ntw;Wik’ vd;Dk; nrhy;yhliy kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ngaupd; gpd;du; epd;W nghUis Ntw;Wik nra;td cUGfNs vd jkpo;f;fhg;G ,aj;jpy; ’cUGfs;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;yhly; Kjy; E}w;ghtpNyNa ahtu;f;Fk; njspTgLkhW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ntw;Wik vz;zpf;if

njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ed;D}Yk; Ntw;Wikfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;WgLfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak; “Ntw;Wik jhNk Vnod nkhopg” vd;W gpwuJ fUj;ij nkhoptjhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kd; ,Ue;j E}y;fs; VO Ntw;WikfisNa $wpAs;sd vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; tpsp Ntw;WikahdJ gpw Ntw;WikfSf;F xj;jjhff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. ngau;fs; tpspNaw;W tUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;> jpupjy;> nfLjy; Nghd;w khWghLfs; Vw;gLtjhy; njhy;fhg;gpau; ,jid “tpspnfhs; tjd;fz; tpopNahL vl;Nl” vd;Dk; R+j;jpuj;jpd; %yk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikahfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ed;D}yhu; Ntw;Wikf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; Kjy; E}w;ghtpNyNa ngau;fspd; ,Wjpapy; epd;W nghUis NtWgLj;Jk; Ntw;Wikfs; vl;L tifg;gLk; vd $wptpl;lhu;. Ntw;Wikfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $Wtjpy; Gytu; kp. fhRkhd; njhy;fhg;gpaiuNa gpd;gw;wpAs;shu;. njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpaJ NghyNt Kjypy; gpw Ntw;Wikfisf; $wpa gpd; jdpnahU E}w;ghtpy; tpspNtw;Wikiar; rpwg;Gg;gLj;jp Ntw;WikfNshL Nru;j;Js;shu;. Mdhy; gpw Ntw;Wikfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ ,q;F vl;L Ntw;Wikfs; MfTk; njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; ed;D}ypy; VO Ntw;WikfshfTk; cs;sd. njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ed;D}Yk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfshff; Fwpf;Fk; ’XL> XL>Md;>My;’ Mfpait fhg;G ,aj;jpy; ,uz;L Ntw;Wikapd; cUGfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. KUfNdhL te;jhd;> KUfdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd ,uz;L cUGfspd; NtWghl;L nghUs; fUjp ’xL> XL’ %d;whk; Ntw;WikapYk; ’Md;>My;’ vl;lhk; Ntw;WikapYk; cUGfshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ed;D}Yk; $Wk; ’fz; ’Ntw;Wikia fhRkhd; ,f;fhy Ntw;Wik cUghf vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ’fz;’ cUG ,f;fhyj;jpy; ngupJk; tof;nfhope;J tpl;lJ. Ngr;R tof;fhapDk; vOj;J tof;fhapDk; ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;f ngUk;ghYk; ‘,y;’vd;Dk; cUigNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl Gytu; kp. fhRkhd; ,lNtw;Wikiaf; Fwpf;f ’fz;’ cUgpw;Fg; gjpyhf ’,y;’ cUigg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,q;qdk; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,ak; vOtha;>’I> xL> F> ,d;> mJ> ,y;> My;> tpsp’ vd vl;L Ntw;Wikfs; Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ.gpd;tUk; ml;ltid ,uz;L E}y;fs; $Wk; Ntw;Wik cUGfis vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

Ntw;Wikapd; vz;zpf;if

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG ’I’ MFk;. vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ’I’ vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd type;J $whtpbDk; midtUf;Fk; GydhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ngaupl;L miof;Fk; kuG goq;fhy Mrpupau;fsplk; ,Ue;jjhy; “,uz;lhFtNj I vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp” vd njhy;fhg;gpau; ngaupl;L $wpAs;shu; .,jidNa jkpo;f;fhg;G ,aKk; gpd;gw;wpAs;sJ. ,t;Ntw;Wik ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd vz;zhYk; ’I’ Ntw;Wik vd cUghYk; nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik vd nghUshYk; ngau; ngWfpwJ. ,t;Ntw;Wik xU nghUspd; ,ay;ghd ngaiur; nrag;gLnghUshf NtWgLj;JfpwJ> ,J njupepiy tpid> Fwpg;G tpid Mfpa ,uz;bd; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk;.

(v.fh)     

goj;ijj; jpd;whd;- njupepiy tpidKw;W

nghUis cilad;- Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

ed;D}y; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUig kl;Lk; $wp Neubahf mjd; nghUs; epiyf;Fs; nrd;W tpLfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs; epiyfs;

’I’ Ntw;WikahdJ fhg;G> xg;G> Cu;jp> ,io> Xg;G> Gfo;> gop> ngwy;> ,oT> fhjy;> ntFsp> nrwy;> ctj;jy;> fw;G> mWj;jy;> Fiwj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> gpupj;jy;> epWj;jy;> msT> vz;> Mf;fy;> rhu;jy;> nryT> fd;wy;> Nehf;fy;> mQ;ry;> rpijg;G vd;Dk; ,Ugj;njl;L nghUs; epiyfspYk; ,tw;iwg; Nghd;w gpwtw;wpYk; tUk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F mLj;J te;j E}y;fs; ,g;nghUs; epiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWgLfpd;wd. ed;D}y; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs; epiyfshf Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik vd;w Mwidf; $wpAs;sJ. jkpo;f;fhg;G ,akhdJ va;jy;> nghUj;jy;> Nehf;Fjy;> ePj;jy;> ,aw;wy;> fhjypj;jy;> Ntwhf;fy; vd vl;Lg; nghUs; epiyfisf; $WfpwJ. ,q;q;dk; nghUs; epiyfspd; vz;zpf;if njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; ,Ugj;njl;L tpupthd nghUs; epiyfspypUe;J Fiwe;J E}Yf;F E}y; NtWgLtij r.Nt.R (1978.81) “gpw;fhyj;jpy; tutug; nghUs;epiyiaf; $u;e;J ghu;f;fpd;w Mw;wy; Fiwe;J tpl;ljhy; ,e;epiy mike;Jtpl;lNjh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ” vd;ghu;. Mdhy; cz;ikapNyNa fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUs; epiyfis kpf El;gkhf Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; Mw;wy; mjpfupj;Js;snjd;Nw fUJfpNwd;. vt;thnwdpy; njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; 28 nghUs; epiyfisAk; %d;W ngUk; gpupTf;Fs; Nrdhtiuahu; mlf;fpAs;shu;. mitahtd va;jg;gLjy;> ,aw;wg;gLjy;> NtWgLf;fg;gLjy; vd;gdthFk;. xt;nthU nghUs; epiyfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa $Wk; rpukk; fUjpNa gpd;te;j ,yf;fz Mrpupau;fSk; ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;wp nghUs; epiyfis EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J rpy nrag;gLnghUs;fspy; midj;J nghUs; ghFghLfisAk; mlf;fpAs;sdu;. ,g;nghUs; epiyfis MuhAkplj;J njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapypUe;J jkpo;f;fhg;G ,ak; rpy ,lq;fspy; NtWgLfpwJ. Nrdhtiuahu; $Wk; va;jg;gLjy; vd;gJ ,aw;WjYk; ,y;yhky; NtWgLj;jYk; ,y;yhky; xU njhopiyr; nra;tjhy; fpilf;Fk; gadhy; tUtjhFk;. ,aw;wg;gLjy; vd;gJ Kd; ,y;yhjij cz;lhf;Fjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. NtWgLj;jy; vd;gJ Kd; cs;sijj; jpupGglr; nra;jyhFk;. Gytu; kp. fhRkhDk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs; epiyfshf ,k;%d;iwAk; $wp mtw;Wld; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; nghUs;epiyg; ghFghLfshff; $wg;gLk; nghUj;jy;> Nehf;Fjy;> ePj;jy; >fhjypj;jy; Mfpatw;iwAk; Nru;j;J vl;lhf tifg;gLj;jp mit xt;nthd;wpd; fPOk; mtw;wpd; nghUs;epiyg; ghFghLfspd; cjhuzq;fisAk; nfhLj;Js;shu;.

fhg;G ,aj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s va;jYf;fhd rhd;Wfshd gzj;ijg; ngw;whd;> Fwisf; fw;whd;> Ciu mile;jhd;> Njhl;lj;ij va;jpdhd;> fs;tiu mQ;rpdhd;> cwit ntFz;lhd; vd;git njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gLk; ngwy;> fw;G> miljy;> va;jy;> mQ;ry;> ntFsy; vd;Dk; nghUs; ghFghLfspNyNa te;Js;sJ. nghUj;jy; vd;Dk; nrag;gLnghUspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fjit nghUj;jpdhd;> mtu;fis ,izj;jhd; vd;Dk; rhd;Wfs; nghUj;jy; nghUs; epiyapy; mikfpwJ. Mdhy; nghUj;jypd; fPo; ghlj;ij xg;gpj;jhd; vd;W jug;gl;Ls;sr; rhd;W rw;W Iaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. ghlj;ij xg;gpj;jhd; vd;gJ ghlj;ijg; gbj;J mg;gbNa xg;gpj;jhd; vd;W nghUs;gLk; mt;thW my;yhky; xg;gpj;jhd; vd;gjw;F VNjh xU Ntiyia xUtdplk; xg;gpj;jhd; (nghUj;jpdhd;) vdTk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. ,q;F jug;gl;bUf;Fk; ghlj;ij xg;gpj;jhd; vd;gJ ghlj;ijf; fw;Wj;jUk; Ntiyia xg;gpj;jhdh? my;yJ ghlj;ijg; gbj;J xg;gpj;jhdh vd;w Iaj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. xUNtis ghlj;ij xg;Gikg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;W $wpapUe;jhy; nghUj;jy; nghUs; epiyf;F Vw;Gilajhf mike;jpUf;Fk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

%d;whtJ nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nehf;Fjy; vd;Dk; nghUs; epiy Vw;nfdNt njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; va;jypd; fPo; nghUs; ghFghlhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Fr; rhd;whff; $wg;gl;l ’thdj;ij Nehf;Fk;’ vd;gJ thdj;ij Nehf;fpg; ghu;j;jy; mjhtJ thdj;ij Nehf;fp fz;izr; nrYj;Jjy; vd;Dk; va;jy; nghUisj; jUfpwJ ,Ug;gpDk; Gytu;.kp. fhRkhd; Nehf;FjYf;Fj; jw;fhy tof;fj;jpw;F Vw;g $wg;gLk; nghUs;fisAk; EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J Nehf;Fjiy jdp nrag;gLnghUshff; $wp mjd; fPo; kiyia Nehf;fpdhd;> epyit fzpj;jhd;> tPl;ilg; ghu;j;jhd;> ghlj;ij ftdpj;jhd; vd;Dk; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L fzpj;jy;> ghu;j;jy;> ftdpj;jy; vDk; nghUs; ghFghLfisAk; $wpAs;shu;.

ehd;fhtJ nghUs; epiyahf ePj;jy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; fPo; Ciu mfd;whd;> gzj;ij ,oe;jhd;> mtid ePj;jhd;> ghiyf; nfhl;bdhd; vd;git nghUs;epiy ghFghl;Lr; rhd;Wfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; ’gzj;ij ,oe;jhd;’ vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ’,oT’ vd;Dk; nghUs; epiy ghFghlhf NtWgLj;jypd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gzj;ij ,oe;J tWik mile;jhd; vd;W Nehf;fpd; xU epiyapypUe;J jpupGgl;Ls;sjhy; NtWgLj;jypy; mlf;fyhk;. mNjNghy; gzj;ij Kw;wpYk; ,oe;Jtpl;lhd; vd;W kl;Lk; ghu;j;jhy; fhRkhd; $wpAs;sJ Nghy; ePj;jy; nghUspy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.nrhy;yg;gLk; R+oiyg; nghWj;Nj mjd; nghUs; epiy mikfpwJ. Ie;jhtjhf mikAk; ,aw;wy; vDk; nra;ag;gLnghUisf; $Wifapy; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,aKk; xd;WgLfpwJ. ,aw;wy; vd;gjw;F ,ioj;jy;> fl;Ljy;> Mf;fy;> Njhw;Wtpj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs;. nghUs; epiyf;F Vw;g E}iy ,aw;wpdhd;> tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;> vapiy ,ioj;jhd;> rq;fj;ij mikj;jhd; vd;git jkpo;f; fhg;G ,aj;jpy; rhd;Wfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

’fhjypj;jy;’ vd;gJ MwhtJ nrag;gLnghUshf mikfpwJ. ed;D}Yk; gpd;ida ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; vd;Dk; E}y; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,aj;jpy; kl;LNk fhjy; nghUs; jug;gl;Ls;snjd;W $WfpwJ. Mdhy; Vw;nfdNt njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; fhjy; vd;Dk; nghUs; epiy va;jypd; fPo; nghUs; ghFghlhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthff; ’’fhjypj;jy;’ vd;gJ xUtu; kPJ md;G nrYj; Jjy; vd;Dk; va;jy; nghUisj; jUfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; fhjypj;jy; vd;gJ tpUk;Gjy;> NgZjy;> Nghw;Wjy;> Ntz;Ljy;> tpiojy; vd;Dk; gpw nghUs;fisAk; jUtij Muha;e;J fhg;G ,aj;jpy; fhjypj;jiy jdpr; nrag;gLnghUshff; $wp mjw;F Foe;ijiag; Ngzpdhd;> ehl;ilg; Nghw;wpdhd;> gbg;ig tpioe;jhd;> fpspia Xk;gpdhd;> kioia Ntz;bdhd; vd;W rpy rhd;WfSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NtWgLj;jy; vd;Dk; nrag;gL nghUspd; fPo; kuj;ij mWj;jhd;> tPl;il ,bj;jhd;> rpiyia mfw;wpdhd; vd;Dk; rhd;Wfs; $wg;gl;bUg;gJ Nghd;Nw njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; NtWgLj;jy; nrag;gL nghUspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; ez;gid gopjhd; vd;gJ gop vd;Dk; nghUs; ghFghlhf va;jypd; fPo; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ez;gdpd; kPJ gopiar; nrYj;jpdhd; vd;W Nehf;fpd; ,jid va;jypd; ghFghlhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mNj rkak; ez;gidg; gopj;jjhy; mtd; vjpupahf khwpdhd; vd;W Nehf;fpd; ez;gd; giftdhfj; jpupG gl;bUf;fpwhd; vd NtWgLj;jy; nghUspYk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

vl;lhtJ nrag;gLnghUshd msj;jy; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupauhy; va;jypd; fPo; nghUs; ghFghlhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhg;G ,aj;jpy; msj;jypd; fPo; jug;gl;Ls;s vz;Zjy;> epWj;jy;> Kfj;jy; vd;Dk; nghUs; epiyfSk; va;jypd; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; vz;Zjy;> epWj;jy;> Kfj;jy;  Mfpait msitg; ngau;fshFk;. ,f;fhy tof;fj;jpd;gb va;jYf;fhd nghUs; ghFghlhf msj;jy; mikatpy;iy. Mjyhy; msj;jy; vd;gij jdpnahU nrag;gLnghUshf; $wp mjd; fPo; epyj;ij mse;jhd;> fhia vz;zpdhd;> gUg;ig epWj;jhd;> ghiy Kfe;jhd; vd nghUs; ghFghLfisj; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,ak; tifg;gLj;jpapUg;gJ rpwg;ghf mikfpwJ.

KbTiu

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; jkpo; nkhop Vuhskhd khw;wq;fis mile;Js;sJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,f;fhy ,yf;fz NjitNa mwpe;J Gytu;. kp. fhRkhd; ,f;fhy jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;g jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fzj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis El;gkhf Muha;e;J  Ntw;Wikfs; vl;L my;y xd;gJ vd;gij vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;. mNjNghy; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupau;fshy; tifg;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk; Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs; epiyfspy; jw;NghJ rpyrpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijAk; jkpo;f;fhg;G ,ak; thapyhfj; njspTgLj;jpAs;shu;.

ghHit E}y;fs;

fhRkhd;.kp.> jkpo;f; fhg;G ,ak;> khu;j;jhz;lk;> fhRkhd; gjpg;gfk;> 2015.

fpUl;bz%u;j;jp. Nfh> njhy;fhg;gpa Ma;tpd; tuyhW> mt;it mr;Rf;$lk;> nrd;id> 1990.

Nrdhtiuau;. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> nrd;id> fof ntspaPL> 2005.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jk;. r> njhy;fhg;gpak;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> jpUitahW> fjpu; gjpg;gfk;> 2013>

jpUQhd rk;ge;jk;. r> ed;D}y;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> jpUitahW> fjpu; gjpg;gfk;> 2009.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jk;. r> ed;D}y;> vOj;jjpfhuk;> jpUitahW> fjpu; gjpg;gfk;> 2009.

Njtpuh ciu> njhy;fhg;gpak;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> nrd;id> ];uP ee;jpdp gjpg;gfk;.

Nty;kapy;. j> ed;D}Yk; gpd;ida ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2010.

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