jpUtpjhq;$u; vy;iyf;Fs; ‘wpq;fy; njsNg Iau;’ 1806-k; Mz;L gpuNtrpj;J Copaq;fs; kl;Lk; my;yhky; itj;jpak; Kjypa Jiwapy; rpwg;ghfr; Nrit nra;Js;shu;fs;. ,e;j epiyapy; ,iwg;gzp nra;J te;j kp\ndupfs; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; Mu;tk; fhl;l njhlq;fpdu;. njd;jpUtpjhq;$upypUe;J ntspte;j jd;dpfuw;w jdpr; rpwg;G ngw;Wj; epfOk;  tuyhw;Wr; RtL jhd; 1861-Mk; Mz;L ntspte;j NjNrhgfhup> ,t;tpjopy; fhzg;gLk; kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

NjNrhgfhup ,jopy; kUj;Jt gzpapd; Njhw;wk;

jpUtpjhq;$wpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mwpahikahy; Neha;tha;g;gl;L vt;tpjkhd kUj;JtKk; nra;ahky; nrj;Jkhz;L nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mk;kf;fspd; mwpahik Kjypy; kjkhf khwpaJ. me;j kjNk gpd;du; kUe;jhf khwpaJ mwptpay; tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,g;nghOJ mk;kf;fs; Neha;tha;g;gl;lhy; jq;fSf;Fj; jhNd kUj;Jtk; nra;Ak; mstpw;F tsu;r;rp ngw;wdu;.

Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk; vd;gJ KJnkhop. cyfpd; td;Kiw kw;Wk; Nghu;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;bYk; Gay;> nts;sg; ngUf;fk;> epyeLf;fk;> Mopg;Nguiy Nghd;w ,aw;if Nguplu;fisf; fhl;bYk; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf kf;fs; khz;L ,Ug;gJ Neha;fshy; kl;Lk; jhd; vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ik. Neha;fspd; ngUf;fj;ijAk; Neha;fshy; kdpju; capu; ,og;igAk; jLg;gjw;F mUs;jpU. kPl; Iauhy; mioj;J tug;gl;l lhf;lu; Mu;r;ghy;l; uhk;Nr vd;gtu; 1838 khu;r; vd;gtu; Mthu;. ,tu; kf;fspd; eyidf; fUjp xt;nthU Cuhfr; nrd;W kf;fspd; mwpahik Nghf;Fk; tifapy; mtu;fSld; Kjypy; fye;J ciuahbdhu;. gpd;du; NjNrhgfhup ,jo; %yk; kf;fspd; %l ek;gpf;iffis khw;w gy topKiwfspy; Nghuhba gpd;du;> mtUila Kjy; kUj;Jt Copaj;ij nea;A+upy; njhlq;fp elj;jpdhu;.

Kjypy; fl;lg;glhj gioa xU fl;blj;jpy; jhd; kUj;Jt gzp njhlq;fpaJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;jhd; rpW rpW fl;blq;fshf itj;J kUj;Jtkidia njhlu;e;J Kd; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. gpd;du;> rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> rpj;j kUe;Jfshy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfisf; Fwpj;Jk; vOjp> kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wp tho nra;jJ. %ypiffisAk; mtw;wpd; gad;fisAk; kf;fspd; NjitfisAk; mwpe;J tPl;Lf;F xU itj;jpa mwpit cUthf;Fk; ,johf  ,J nray;gl;lJ.  

NjNrhgfhup ,jopy; NehAk; mij jPu;f;Fk; topKiwfSk;

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; gytifahd Neha;fshy; mtjpAw;wdu;. mijj; jPu;f;f topapy;yhky; khz;L kbe;jdu;. kp];dupfspd; tUifahy; kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l Neha;fisAk; Neha;jPu;f;Fk; KiwfisAk; vLj;Jiuj;jij NjNrhgfhup ,jo; gjpthf;fpAs;sJ. ,t;tpjopy; ntspte;j Neha;fisAk; Neha;jPu;f;Fk; KiwfisAk; ,g;gFjpapy; fhz;Nghk;.

fhyuh (the;jp Ngjp)

1935 Kjy; 1950 tiuAs;s fhyj;jpy; fhyuh Neha; kpfTk; nfhba Nehahf ,Ue;jJ. xUtUf;F Neha; te;jhy; me;j fpuhkj;ijNa mopj;JtpLk; mstpw;Fj; njhw;W Nehahfg; gutpaJ. fhyuh NehahdJ ghf;Bupahf;fshy; Vw;gLk; njhw;whFk;. ,J Kf;fpakhf mRj;jkhd czT my;yJ ePiu cl;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Neha; midj;J taJ kf;fisAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.

,e;j Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kf;fSf;F mjpf mstpy; ,sePu; Fbf;f nfhLj;jdu;. kaf;f epiy khwp njspthf tuNtz;ba> ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; gytif %ypif nrbfis nfhz;L kf;fSf;F kUe;Jfs; nfhLj;jdu;.

it#up

fhyuh Neha; Nghd;w xU njhw;W NehahFk; it#up. ,jid mk;ik Neha; vd;Wk; $Wtu;. ,e;Neha; Vw;gl;ltu;fs; FUluhfTk; tpfhuj;Njhw;wKlDk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Neha; kuzj;Jf;F VJthd NehahFk;. ,e;j Neha; Vw;gl;lhy; cly; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cly; KOtJk; rpWrpW fl;bfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j Neha; te;jtu;fs; clNd jdpikg;gLj;jg; gLthu;fs;. gpd;du; mtu;fis Ntg;gpiyahyahd gLf;ifapy;jhd; gLf;f itg;ghu;fs;. cly; KOtJk; Ntg;gpiyiaf; nfhz;L cly; KOtJk; %Lthu;fs;. flTs; Fj;jk; vd;W nrhy;yp ,e;j NehapypUe;J tpLgl;L te;jtu;fisf; Nfhapy;fspy; jP kpjpf;f nra;thu;fs;. tPLfspy; cs;stu;fs;> Neha;tha;g;gl;lhNyh> Cupy; Neha;f;Fwp fhzg;gl;lhNyh> Neha;j;jLg;G Kiwahf tPLfisr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpiaAk; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jtu;. mijg; Nghy tPLfspd; ntspg;GwkpUe;J Neha;f; fpUkpfs; tPl;Lf;Fs; tuhky; tPl;il ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L> tPl;bd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; Ntg;gpiyfisf; nfhj;jhff; fl;b njhq;ftpLk; gof;fKk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

“,utNkhL Ntk;G kidr; nruP,” (Gwk; : 281)

,g;gof;fk; ,d;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; mk;ik Neha; fz;l tPLfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

thjk;

,J xU nfhba NehahFk;. kUj;JtKk; itj;jpaKk; cz;L. thj Neha; te;jtu;fSf;F kdepiy khw;wk;> RaTzu;Tj; jLkhw;wk;> jiytyp> Fkl;ly;> the;jp> jiyr;Rj;J> ,ul;il ghu;it> cly; czu;T khw;wk;> js;shl;lk; eilngWk; jpBnud Vw;glf;$Lk;. ed;dhup Ntu;> Ckj;jk; ,iy> fhl;Lf;nfhb ,iy> rq;fpyp Ntu; ntq;fhar; rhW> Fg;igNkdp> KUq;if gl;il> Ntk;G Filr;ir typ ,tw;iwr; Nru;j;J fha;j;J Nru;j;J jputk; my;yJ vz;iz  fhr;rp typ cs;s ,lj;jpy; ed;whfj; Nja;j;J tpl;lhy; FzkilAk;.

typg;Gk; kUj;JtKk;

fhf;fh typg;G xU nfhba Neha;. ,e;j Neha; xU mwpTf;nfl;lhj NehahfNt fUjg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; (Epilepsy) vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fhf;fh typg;G Neha; vd;gJ NgNah ,y;yhj njhw;WNehNah ,y;iy. khwhf %isapYs;s rpy KiwNflhd mwpFwpahFk;. gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd epA+l;uhd; vdg;gLk; capuiwfshy; MdJ. ,itjhd; xt;nthU nraiyAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Kiwahd newpapy; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf te;J Nru;e;J Ntiy nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j epA+l;uhd;fs; mitfshNt cz;L gz;Zk; xUtpj kpd;rf;jp %isf;Fs;Ns rhjhuzkhf ntspaplg;glhky; mrhjhuz Kiwapy; ntspapLk;NghJ typg;G cz;lhfpwJ. fhf;fh typg;ig %isapy; cs;s kpd;Gay; (Electric storm) vd;gu;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf> gpwf;Fk; Kd;Ngh> gpwf;Fk; NghNjh %isapy; Vw;gLk; fhak;> tpgj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; fhak;> %isapy; njhw;W Neha; fl;bfs; my;yJ NtW Neha;fs;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; $Wtu;. ,e;Neha; te;jhy; kUj;Jtupd; MNyhridg;gb rupahd mstpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; kUe;ij cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tFg;Gfs; my;yJ typg;Gfs; tUtij kUe;Jfs; jLf;fpd;wd.

va;l;];

va;l;]; Neha; vd;gJ xU capu; nfhy;yp NehahFk;. ,e;j Nehapw;F ,Jtiu kUe;J vJTk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J jtwhd clYwT nfhs;tjd; %yk; Vw;gLfpwJ. xUtu; clk;gpy; ,Ue;J kw;wtu;fSf;F ,uj;jj;ij nrYj;Jtjd; %yKk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Neha; xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtu;fSf;Fg; gutf;$baJ MFk;. kdpj tho;tpy; “tUk; Kd; fhg;Nghk;>” vd;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;> ,jd; gb> “va;l;R” vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w Ml;nfhy;yp Nehapd; nfhLikia vz;zpj; jLg;G KiwNa Kjy; kUj;Jtkhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ts;Stupd; Xu; Mokhd rpe;jidapy; vijAk; tUKd; fhg;gJjhd; khkUe;jhFk; vdf;$wp> mt;thW fhf;fhtpl;lhy; neUg;G Kfj;J epd;w itf;Nfhy; Nghu; Nghy;> mtd; tho;f;if mope;JtpLk; vd;gij

“tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if vupKd;du;

itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk;” (435) vd;w Fwspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

khiyf;fz;

khiyf;fz; Neha; vd;gJ ,utpy; fz; ghu;it ghu;f;f ,ayhJ. ,e;j Nehapdhy; ,utpYk; kq;fpa ntspr;rj;jpYk; ghu;it ,of;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j Neha; itl;lkpd; V mlq;fpa czT Fiwg;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. fPiu tiffs;> gg;ghsp> kQ;rs; epw goq;fs;> jf;fhsp> Nful; Nghd;w kQ;rs; epw fha;fwpfs;> ghy;> ghypdhyhd gz;lq;fs;> Flypiwr;rp> kPd; Mfpait jpdKk; cl;nfhz;L te;jhy; ,e;j Nehia jLf;f ,aYk;.

khuilg;G

khuilg;G Neha; vd;gJ ,ja jirfSf;F uj;jk; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Foha;fs; RUq;Fk; NghJ ,jaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njitahd msT uj;jk; Fiwtjhy; xOq;fw;w ,ja Jbg;G Vw;gLfpwJ my;yJ Jbg;G epd;W tpLfpwJ. ,t;thW khuilg;G Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ. ehybahu; ghly; 29> jpUke;jpuk; ghly; 148> fk;guhkhazk; ghly; 592 Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,e;E}y;fspy; khuilg;G Neha; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;. ,e; Neha;tUtjw;fhd fhuzkhf msTf;F kPwpd nfhOg;G> mjpf msT uj;j mOj;jk;> Gifg;gpbj;jy;> clypd; vil msT mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;> fbdkhd Ntiy nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wdu;. clk;gpy; tpau;itapd; msT mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;. ,jaj;jpy; typ nghJthf ,lJ if gf;fk; tUjy;> fOj;Jg; gpd;gFjpapy; typ tUjy; Nghd;wit Nehapd; rpy mwpFwpfs; MFk;.

md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; czT gof;fq;fs; clw;gapw;rpapd; %yk; ,e;jNeha; mjpf msT Vw;glg;gltpy;iy. Nfhgk; czu;r;rptrg;gly;> kJ mUe;Jjy;> nfhOg;G rhu;e;j czT> khkpr czT> vz;nza;> nea;> Njq;fha; ,it Fiwthf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nghd;wtw;iw ,t;tpjo; $WfpwJ.

NjNrhgfhup ,johdJ  1951> 1960> 1962> 1988> 1996 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; te;j ,jo;fspz;fz; rpfpr;ir gpupT $r;rg; ghu;it xw;iwf;fz; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;> NkYk; mWit rpfpr;ir> gpupT rpwg;G kUj;Jtk; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; mtw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfisAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

kUj;Jt tiffshd KUq;if kuj;jpd; jd;ik> KUq;if kuj;jpd; Fzq;fs;> ntq;fhag; G+z;L kUe;jhf khWk; Kiwfs;> Neha;j; jLf;Fk; Kiwfs; ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,e;j ,jo;fspy; ntspte;Js;sd. 1994 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L khj ntspte;j ,jopy; tha; Ju;ehw;wk;> tha; Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; fhuzk;> mtw;iwg; Nghf;Fk; topKiwfs; Nghd;w nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; 1950> 1988> 1994> 1997 Mz;Lfspy; ntspte;j ,jopy; njhw;W Neha;fs;> kfspu; rpfpr;ir> kfg;NgW kUj;Jtk;> fUTw;w ngz;fs; filgpbf;f Ntz;ba topKiwfisf; Fwpj;Jk; mtw;wpy; cz;lhFk; rpf;fy;fs; Foe;ijfSf;fhd czT Kiwfs;> nts;isg;gLjy;> Nghd;w Neha;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J rpj;j kUj;Jt Kiwfshd  md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kUe;Jfs;> Neha; jLg;G Kiwfs;> N`hkpNahgjp kUj;Jtk;>  fhy;eil kUj;Jtk; ePupdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;> kUe;Jfshy; Vw;gLk; gad;ghLfs; mjd; gpd; tpisTfs; Nghd;w nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; ,t;tpjo;fs; tpthjpj;Js;sd.

ntsp ehLfspy; ,Ue;J kUj;Jt FOtpdu; tUif

mnkupf;f If;fpa ehl;bypUe;J lhf;lu; vl;w;wp Myd;. jpUkjp Md; Myd; Nghd;w rpwg;G kUj;Jt FOtpdu; nea;A+u; kUj;Jtkidf;F tUif je;Js;sdu;. NkYk; ,J njhlu;e;J Nkw;F n[u;kdp ehl;bypUe;J fpwp];Nlhghy; gpspd;ld; Mthu;fs; fz;Jiw itj;J epGzUk; gpsh];bf; ru;[d; nfhz;l FO fz; itj;jpaKk; gj;J ehl;fSf;F Nky; jq;fp ,Ue;J kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kUj;Jt MNyhrid kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Nghd;witfis mopj;jdu; vd;gij ,t;tpjo;fs;  gjpthf;fpAs;sd.

ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd topKiwfs;

NjNrhgfhup ,jo; topahf ek; cly; vd;gJ ,iwtd; tho;fpd;w Myak; vdNt Gdpjkhff; fUjp cs;sKk; GwKk; Rj;jkhfTk; rPuhfTk; itj;jpUg;gJ ekJ flikahFk;. ek; cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; thryhd thia vg;nghOJk; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehf;if mlf;fp Ms Ntz;Lk;. ehk; capu; tho Ntz;Lkhapd; %r;R tpLjNy mtrpak;. jpdKk; clw;gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yk; ek; cliy MNuhf;fpakhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fha;fwpfisr; rikj;J cz;z  Ntz;Lk;. grpj;jg; gpd;dNu czT cz;z Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijg; gUtk; Kjy; cg;G> rPdp krhyh nghUl;fis kpfTk; Fiwthf vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.tUe;Jk; NghJ mjpfk; NgRtijAk; rpe;jpg;gijAk; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

10 Kjy; 15 epkplq;fs; clw;gapw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jpdKk; 8 Kjy; 10 fg; jz;zPu; Fbf;f Ntz;Lk; czT mUe;Jtju;f;Fj; jdp Neuj;ij xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; mjpfk; tpUk;Gk; czit msTf;fjpfkhf cz;zf;$lhJ. clYf;F Ntz;ba Xa;T nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpdKk; 8 kzp Neuk; my;yJ MW kzp NeukhtJ J}q;f Ntz;Lk;. FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s midtUk; Nru;e;jpUe;J czT cz;L kdR tpl;L Ngr Ntz;Lk;. Nghd;w nra;jpfis ,t;tpjopy; fhzyhk;.

KbTiu

“Neha; ehb Neha;Kjy; ehb mJNt jzpf;Fk; tha; ehb tha;g;gr; nray;” vd;ghu; jpUts;Stu;. mjw;Nfw;g Nehia mwpe;J mjw;Fupa fhuzj;ijj; njspthff; fz;lwpe;J Neha; jPu;f;Fk; kUe;Jfs; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. NjNrhgfhup ,jo; me;j fhyf;fl;l kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> kUj;Jt Kiwfs;> mjw;fhd rpfpl;irfs;> mij jLf;Fk; Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwf; vLj;Jiuj;J tpopg;Gzu;T nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; nray;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

ghHit E}y;fs;

fhRkhd; kP. Gytu;> jpUf;Fws; njspTiu fhRkhd; gjpg;gfk;> khu;j;jhz;lk;> jkpo;ehL> 2018.

rz;KfNtY. k. rpj;j kUj;Jt Neha;> nfsuh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> jkpo;ehL> 2005.

re;jpuh uh[;Nkhfd;> ehybahu; %yKk; ciuAk;> nfsup gjpg;gfk;> jpupr;rp> jkpo;ehL> 1999.

NjNrhgfhup ,jo;fs;> jkpo;ehL> 1981-2000.

GypA+u; Nfrpfd;> GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> nka;ag;gd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> jkpo;ehL> 2019.

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