Large scale migration of people is a common tendency of today’s nature. More amount of people migrates in and around the globe either due to psychological social or of economic concerns. It might even be a political factor which might lead to massive movement of people from one location to another. The earlier figures of 2009-10 by National Sample Survey Organisation reveals that the employment trend of the century showed a massive declining tendency in the female labour force participation. Figures of the previous period revealed that there has been a decline in the female labour force rate by 10.1 per cent compared with its figures in 2010 where it was 22.6 per cent. On the same hand the male population participation rate reveals a fall by 3.4 per cent. Many studies where related with this study and most of the studies claim that there were both economic, social and political constraints in the area of this pattern of labour force mechanism and employment trend.

Factors of Female Labour Force Participation

Economic factors

The migratory tendencies are basically influenced by the economic factors where for better economic rewards people migrate from one location to another in search for good employment opportunities. Better standard of living and maintenance of healthy life always stands as an important concern both for male as well as female population.

Socio demographic factor

The socio-economic background greatly influences the migratory characteristics of mankind. Family conditions, search for jobs, better educational opportunities all force common people to opt for migratory character. Various studies postulate that female labour force always have a tendency to return to their native place when they are equipped with suitable employment provisions. The main driving force thus behind these migratory characteristics fall as socio-economic factors. The working of the socio-economic factor includes factors like influence of social network, educational opportunities and child women ratio too.

Cultural factors

Various micro level studies conducted by Bardhan 1977, Teernik 1995 postulates that there are many cultural factors which works behind the migratory characteristics of female labour force where the cultural attitude and behavioural pattern influences a lot. Various agricultural practices, land usage pattern and labour employment greatly influence the migratory characteristics and increased rate of labour force especially female labour force mechanism.

 Amenities and services    

Apart from these all factors there are other factors which too influences the particular trend and tendencies of migratory character of female labour force which includes amenities and services. Studies by Adepoju, 1998 postulate that absence of schools, proper health care facilities and modern housing facilities stands as the driving force behind labour migratory characteristics. Many lack proper framework of professional and technical educational opportunities and even though they possess it, they lack in getting proper employment provisions. Female population migrate a lot from one area to another in search for good human capital formation resulting in massive levels of outward migration.

Literature Review

1. Kapsos, Silberman and Bourmpoula (2014) ILO in their study formulates that female labour force participation in the labour market plays an important role in increasing the percentage contribution to the GDP growth of an economy. It represents as a symbol of female empowerment status and as a bench mark of female employment. They argue that female labour force are equal to that of male section and hence enjoys the same privileges and benefits as that of the male section.
2. Fatima and Sultana (2009) and Mujahid (2014) postulates that labour force participation constitute an important factor in improving economic growth and development of a particular economy. Their findings include those higher levels of participation represents advancement in social and economic structure of an economy. Higher levels of human capital formation led to poverty reduction and building up an economy with economic potentiality and prosperity.

Hypothesis of the Study

H1: There exists a positive influence of economic factors on the female labour force participation of a particular economy

H2: Cultural factors greatly influences the female labour pattern of an economy

H3: Socio demographic factors greatly influences the female labour force employment tendency of a particular economy

H4: Amenity and basic services are the most important factor that stands as the driving force behind the female labour force employment character of an economy.

Methodology

Collection of Data

Data assembled for the study was undertaken both for the secondary as well as from the primary sources. The NSSO 64^th report was compiled as a basis for secondary purpose for studying the female labour force trends and figures. The study basically included data sources collected from a period ranging from 2008-2022.Primary data was collected from people residing in paruthippara region of Trivandrum. The sample size included 100 which included the female labour force employment in the organised sector of the labour market

Variables and Model

A normalisation of data has been undertaken under the study since there exists disparity among the data structure. Here as Female labour force is regarded as the dependent variable it is being considered as the regressand all other indicators are considered as regressors in the given model.

The equation in the model is represented hence as follows:

Model Specification

𝐈𝐧FLFPRit= 𝛃𝟎+ 𝛃𝟏𝐈𝐧ECO𝐢𝐭+ 𝛃𝟐𝐈𝐧CUL𝐢𝐭+ 𝛃𝟑𝐈𝐧SOCI𝐢𝐭+ 𝛃𝟒𝐈𝐧AME 𝐢𝐭+ u𝐢t

Where;

𝐈𝐧FLFPR𝐭 =Female labour force participation rate in time ‘t’

ECO𝐢𝐭=Economic factors that affect the dependent variable in time’t’

CUL= Cultural factors that affect the dependent variable in time’t’

SOC𝐢𝐭= Social factors that affect the dependent variable in time’t’

AME 𝐢𝐭=Amenities and services that affect the dependent variable in time ‘t’

U𝐢t=Stochastic error

Data Analysis and Results

The study analysis the descriptive statistics of the model. Correlation analysis and VIF test are performed to analyse the relation among the variables. Multicollinearity analysis and unit root test analyses are formulated to identify the whether there is stationarity among the variables. Ordinary Least Square method are formulated in order to identify the connection between dependent and independent variable.

Table 1 correlation estimate of expenditure

Table 2. Cross table representation of amenities and services

Table 3. Factors affecting LFPR

Table 4. Relation between FLFPR and social factor(one way ANOVA)

Table 5. Relation between FLFPR and cultural factor (one way ANOVA)

Table 6. Relation between FLFPR and amenities (one way ANOVA)

Limitations of the Study

1. Most of the respondents where reductant to provide proper answers and most of the answers were self-contradictory
2. Measurement using random effect and Hausman test was not able to be performed as the sample size was limited
3. A comparative study considering pre and post covid analysis was also not able to be undertaken due to unavailability of proper source of data

Conclusion

Thus, the paper basically tries to analyse whether there is relationship between female labour force employment pattern and factors like cultural, social, economic and basic amenity and services. The main findings postulate that there exists a positive association between social, economic and amenity services and an inverse association with cultural factors. Even though the influence of the figures shows only a mere percentage its role in influencing the female labour force participation mechanism is important. The data was collected from a prescribed sample size of 200 from paruthippara region of Trivandrum. The result was analysed by making use of the fixed price model where only the cultural factors showed a negative tendency. The tool of data collection included questionnaire.